Mostly in AVR Microcontroller the on-chip PWM channel is available which makes the PWM usage much simpler and highly accurate. The output voltage can be directly varied by varying ON time of the pulse width modulated signal. Output voltage is calculated as shown in the equation below: Voltage regulation operation is performed by averaging the PWM signal. Voltage regulation method is used in various areas of application like: PWM signals when operates at different duty cycle it gives a varying voltage at the output. Period is a sum of both on and off times and period is calculated as shown in the equation below: It is a ratio between ON-time and total time period of the signal using period calculation, duty cycle is calculated as shown in the equation below:Īs represented in the above figure, Toff represents the off-time and Ton represents the on-time of a signal.
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